Arteriosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, is a common disease affecting millions of people worldwide. It develops when the walls of the arteries become hardened, thicken, and lose their elasticity. This occurs over time, as a result of too much pressure on the arteries. While the cause is greatly unknown, there are certain risk factors, at times coupled with heredity, that would lend credit to the ability of this disease to exacerbate.
Unrelieved stress, smoking, high blood pressure, and diabetes may contribute to the development of arteriosclerosis. A diet high in cholesterol is a major contributing factor, because it can cause a fatty build-up, called plaque, to harden within the arteries. When this occurs, it is referred to as atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the most common type of arteriosclerosis, and the two terms are often used definitive to the other.
When the walls of the arteries become hardened and lose their elasticity, platelets (disk-shaped particles found in abundance in the blood, which play an important role in clotting) will form around the damaged site within the artery as the body attempts to self-repair. At the same time, fatty deposits made mostly of cholesterol will accumulate and harden within the arteries. This greatly reduces blood flow to major organs. As an added risk, these fatty deposits, as well as the blood clots, could dislodge and completely block blood flow to major organs.
Most people are unaware of the presence of arteriosclerosis until it has become severe. The reason for this is simple: noticeable symptoms do not appear until the artery has narrowed considerably or has become blocked. The symptoms will then vary depending on which organ was affected.
The most common symptom of arteriosclerosis to the coronary arteries is angina (chest pain). In a coronary artery, a blood clot could (and most likely would) cause a heart attack. If the blood flow to the heart is repeatedly, or chronically, hampered, fatal heart failure could result.
Sudden dizziness, numbness, and weakness could all be signs of an obstruction in the blood flow within the carotid arteries. Carotid arteries are large arteries on each side of the neck that supply blood flow to the head and the brain. When these arteries become blocked, a stroke is likely the cause of the underlying symptoms. If a stroke occurs, it could cause a loss of speech, paralysis, and sometimes death.
Arteriosclerosis can present many complications. Among the more serious, and possibly life-threatening, is the risk for heart attack and stroke. However, there are a few other complications that deserve considerable attention. While some of these may appear to be non-life-threatening, it is important to seek medical attention should one of these complications arise. These include, and may not be limited to, damage to organs, insufficient blood flow to the legs and feet, transit ischemic attack (TIA or mini-stroke), and a very serious risk for aneurysms.
Coronary heart disease is responsible for roughly half a million deaths per year in America alone. The cause? Atherosclerosis, the most common type of arteriosclerosis. When the arteries to the heart become restricted or narrow, the blood flow to the heart is diminished. The most telling symptom of coronary heart disease is angina pectoris, or chest pain. Often, this pain can radiate to other parts of the body, such as the neck and back. Coronary heart disease often leads to heart attack when the blood flow to a part of the heart has almost or completely stopped. This causes the death of the affected heart tissue, hence the heart attack.
Many treatment options are available for arteriosclerosis, and their application is usually gauged by the extent of the illness. Most common are the medicines used to reverse or slow down the effects of bad cholesterol and the medicines designed to stop blood clotting. For more serious cases, surgery and other invasive procedures are deemed necessary. One such procedure is angioplasty, in which a doctor inserts a catheter into the blocked part of the artery, and inserts a balloon to be inflated within the artery walls. This compresses the blockage against the artery walls, providing a newly opened area for blood flow. A stent may be inserted to keep the artery open. Another procedure, endarterectomy, is performed to remove the fatty deposits from the artery. Other procedures can include gene therapy and bypass surgery.
Noting the seriousness of the complications should encourage us to take proper measures toward the prevention of arteriosclerosis. Proper diet, exercise, a nicotine-free lifestyle, and stress management are all effective ways, especially when combined, to reduce or slow down the progression of this disease.